# Matlab for Laplace Transform Inversion / Partial Fraction Expansion

## Background: Matlab and polynomials

Define the polynomial

F=[1 3 2]

F =     1     3     2

Display it

poly2str(F,'s')

ans =   s^2 + 3 s + 2

Evaluate it as s=1

polyval(F,1)

ans =     6

Find roots, Note that since roots are at -1 and -2 the polynomial is (s+1)(s+2)

roots(F)

ans =
-2
-1

Define a second polynomial by its roots The polynomial is

G=poly([-1+2j -1-2j -1 0 0]);
poly2str(G,'s')

ans =   s^5 + 3 s^4 + 7 s^3 + 5 s^2

Multiply polynomials H=FG (use convolution command)

H=conv(F,G)

H =     1     6    18    32    29    10     0     0

## First Example - Simplest case - distinct real roots

To see this example worked out manually go to: http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/LaplaceXform/InvLaplace/InvLaplaceXformPFE.html#Distinct_Real_Roots_

disp('Example 1: PFE with distinct real roots');

Example 1: PFE with distinct real roots


This case considers only distinct real roots.

Define numerator and denominator polynomial.

n=[1 1];                %n=s+1
d=conv([1 0],[1 2]);    %Use "conv" to multiply polynomial
disp(['Numerator = ' poly2str(n,'s')]);
disp(['Denominator = ' poly2str(d,'s')]);

Numerator =    s + 1
Denominator =    s^2 + 2 s

Now use "residue" command to do inverse transform. r = magnitude of expansion term p = location of pole of each term k = constnat term (k=0 except when numerator and denominator are same order (m=n)).

[r,p,k]=residue(n,d)

r =
0.5000
0.5000
p =
-2
0
k =     []

Note that the function is implicitly defined only for t>=0. Some texts show the time domain function multiplied by the unit step. We will keep our expressions simpler by making that relationship implicit.

## Second Example - Repeated roots at origin

To see this example worked out manually go to: http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/LaplaceXform/InvLaplace/InvLaplaceXformPFE.html#Repeated_Real_Roots_

disp('Example 2: PFE with repeated real roots (at origin in this case)');

Example 2: PFE with repeated real roots (at origin in this case)


Define numerator and denominator polynomial.

n=[1 0 1];    %n=s^2+1
d=[1 2 0 0];  %d=s^2(s+2)=s^3+2s^2
disp(['Numerator = ' poly2str(n,'s')]);
disp(['Denominator = ' poly2str(d,'s')]);

[r,p,k]=residue(n,d)
Numerator =    s^2 + 1
Denominator =    s^3 + 2 s^2

r =
1.2500
-0.2500
0.5000
p =
-2
0
0
k =     []


Note, first order term (1/s) comes before the 2nd order term (1/s^2) in the Matlab results.

## Third Example - Complex Conjugate roots

To see this example worked out manually go to: http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/LaplaceXform/InvLaplace/InvLaplaceXformPFE.html#ExampleRepeat

disp('Example 3: PFE with complex conjugate roots.');

Example 3: PFE with complex conjugate roots.


Define numerator and denominator polynomial.

n=[5 8 -5];     %n=s^2+1
d=[1 2 5 0 0];  %d=s^2(s^2+2s+5)=s^4+2s^3+5s^2
disp(['Numerator = ' poly2str(n,'s')]);
disp(['Denominator = ' poly2str(d,'s')]);

[r,p,k]=residue(n,d)
Numerator =    5 s^2 + 8 s - 5
Denominator =    s^4 + 2 s^3 + 5 s^2

r =
-1.0000 - 1.0000i
-1.0000 + 1.0000i
2.0000 + 0.0000i
-1.0000 + 0.0000i
p =
-1.0000 + 2.0000i
-1.0000 - 2.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i
k =     []

Note, first two roots are complex conjugate roots.

Get magnitude and phase from magnitude and phase of pfe Refer to manual solution on web page listed above.

M=2*abs(r(1))       %Magnitude of cosine
phi=angle(r(1))     %Phase of cosine in radians

M =    2.8284
phi =   -2.3562

Get frequency and decay rate from location of pole

omega=abs(imag(p(1)))   % omega has to be positive
alpha=-real(p(1))
omega =     2
alpha =     1

Plot the response

t=linspace(-1,4,1000);
f=(M*exp(-alpha*t).*cos(omega*t+phi) + r(3) + r(4)*t) .* heaviside(t);
plot(t,f,'Linewidth',2);
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('f(t)'); grid;


## Fourth Example - Order of numerator=order of denominator

To see this example worked out manually go to: http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/LaplaceXform/InvLaplace/InvLaplaceXformPFE.html#Order_of_numerator_polynomial_equals_order_of_denominator_

disp('Example 4: PFE: order of num=order of den');

Example 4: PFE: order of num=order of den


If the numerator and denominator have the same order, we get a constant as part of the partial fraction expansion.

Define numerator and denominator polynomial.

n=[3 2 3];          %n=3s^2+2s + 3
d=[1 3 2];          %d=s^2+3s+2=(s+1)(s+2)
disp(['Numerator = ' poly2str(n,'s')]);
disp(['Denominator = ' poly2str(d,'s')]);

[r,p,k]=residue(n,d)
Numerator =    3 s^2 + 2 s + 3
Denominator =    s^2 + 3 s + 2

r =
-11
4
p =
-2
-1
k =     3

Note this time that k is not empty, k=3.